盐碱胁迫对青海湖裸鲤耗氧率、血浆渗透浓度和离子浓度的影响

采用呼吸生理和血液生理的方法,探讨了性成熟青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)对盐度、碳酸盐碱度的适应性以及青海湖裸鲤在盐碱胁迫下的渗透调节和离子调节规律。将裸鲤从淡水突变到盐水(盐度14.01±0.01)、碱水(碳酸盐碱度33.03±0.01mmol·L-1)和青海湖水(盐度12.12±0.02、碳酸盐碱度29.07±0.09mmol·L-1)中,测定了在不同水质胁迫下裸鲤耗氧率、血浆渗透压和离子浓度的变化。结果表明:与淡水对照组比较,呼吸耗氧率除了盐度组在3h有显著性升高(P<0.05),其他实验组96h内均未出现显著性变化(P>0.05);裸鲤的窒息点为0.14～0.17mg·L-1,各实验组窒息点均没有显著性差异(P>0.05);碱度组血浆的渗透浓度和Na+、Cl-、Ca2+离子浓度在96h内未出现变化(P>0.05),盐度组和青海湖水组在所测时间段有显著的升高(P<0.05),并且随着胁迫时间的延长,在72h达到峰值。各实验组血浆K+浓度变化没有血浆Na+、Cl-明显,K+浓度有增高的趋势,且都在72h达到了峰值。青海湖裸鲤具有较强的盐碱耐受性,能通过渗透调节和离子调控适应高盐碱环境,而消耗能量较少。     

Comparison of growth-climate relationship of Sabina przewalskii at different timberlines along a precipitation gradient in the northeast Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China

为了了解青藏高原东北部不同降水梯度下, 高山林线处的树木径向生长与气候关系是否存在差异, 在青海东北部从西北到东南沿降水梯度设置3个高山林线采样点: 乌兰县哈里哈图国家森林公园(HL, 年降水量217 mm)、都兰县曲什岗(QS, 281 mm)和同德县河北林场(HB, 470 mm), 运用树轮年轮学方法分析林线优势种祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii)的径向生长-气候关系随降水梯度的变化规律。结果表明: 不同降水梯度下, 降水对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用差异不明显, 但温度对祁连圆柏径向生长的影响存在显著差异。在低降水区域(HL), 冬、夏季最低气温主要限制祁连圆柏径向生长, 并且在不同气候特征年中无明显变化; 在中降水区域(QS), 祁连圆柏的径向生长明显受冬季最低气温影响, 与低降水区域相比, 春、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用减弱, 并且主要限制因子在不同气候特征年存在显著变化; 在高降水区域(HB), 冬、夏季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的限制作用不显著, 而春、秋季最低气温对祁连圆柏径向生长的抑制作用显著增加, 并且主要集中在高温年和干旱年。该研究结果并未支持干旱(湿润)区高山林线树木径向生长主要由水分(温度)限制的假说, 但是林线处降水量会影响树木生长与温度的关系。随着青藏高原东北部暖湿化加剧, 不同地区林线处树木生长的气候限制因子可能存在复杂化趋势。     

Fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome indicate clear divergence between Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus

The phylogenetic relationship between Equus przewalskii and E. caballus is often a matter of debate. Although these taxa have different chromosome numbers, they do not form monophyletic clades in a phylogenetic tree based on mtDNA sequences. Here we report sequence variation from five newly identified Y chromosome regions of the horse. Two fixed nucleotide differences on the Y chromosome clearly display Przewalski's horse and domestic horse as sister taxa. At both positions the Przewalski's horse haplotype shows the ancestral state, in common with the members of the zebra/ass lineage. We discuss the factors that may have led to the differences in mtDNA and Y-chromosomal observations.     

低氧胁迫对青海湖裸鲤端脑抗氧化酶活性、细胞凋亡及相关基因表达的影响

为研究青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)端脑在低氧胁迫下的生理响应机制,选取体重(97.68±0.12) g、体长(24.11±0.12) cm的健康青海湖裸鲤进行低氧[溶解氧含量(0.7±0.1) mg/L]胁迫,设常氧[溶解氧含量(8.4±0.1) mg/L]为对照组,分别在低氧胁迫8h和24h时采集青海湖裸鲤的端脑组织,进行脑细胞线粒体超微结构和膜电位、抗氧化酶活性、脑细胞凋亡和凋亡相关基因(Caspase 3、Bax和Bcl-2)及低氧诱导反应相关基因(Hif-2α和EGLN1)表达测定。结果显示,在低氧胁迫过程中:(1)端脑神经细胞线粒体出现肿胀、嵴溶解;线粒体膜电位在8h时显著升高, 24h时显著降低,表明随着低氧胁迫时间的延长端脑神经细胞线粒体可能受到了损伤。(2)TUNEL检测显示端脑细胞发生了凋亡,但随着低氧胁迫时间延长端脑细胞凋亡率无显著差异;qPCR显示,随着低氧胁迫时间的延长端脑细胞Caspase 3、Bax和Bcl-2基因表达水平升高; Bcl-2/Bax比值随低氧胁迫时间的延长显著降低; Hif-2α基因表达水平显著升高; EGLN...     

青海湖裸鲤生活史类型的研究

用模糊聚类法定量研究了青海湖裸鲤的生活史类型,以平衡产量模式进行了验证,并用世代生物量法探讨了其合理捕捞强度与捕捞年龄.结果表明：青海湖裸鲤属比较典型的k-选择类型鱼类;青海湖裸鲤平衡产量曲线与达氏鳇的平衡产量曲线非常相似;青海湖裸鲤的临界年龄为15.67龄,整个世代生物量在11～16龄达到最大;建议对青海湖裸鲤进行捕捞的最小捕捞年龄为12龄,捕捞强度不超过0.1.     

呼伦贝尔草原黄羊冬季食性的研究

本文采用粪便显微组织学分析技术,分析了呼伦贝尔草原黄羊与放牧绵羊冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,探讨了黄羊与放牧家羊冬季对食物资源利用的关系。研究表明,黄羊与放牧家羊冬季采食的植物均以禾本科、豆科等草本植物为主,二者在冬季对食物资源利用的重叠性较大,相似性系数ＰＳ＝０．７８９。     

黄花角蒿(Incarvillea sinensis var. przewalskii)开花动态及繁育系统的研究

通过野外定点观察,运用花粉—胚珠比、联苯胺—过氧化氢法、杂交指数、人工授粉和套袋试验等方法,对黄花角蒿(Incarvillea sinensis var. przewalskii)的开花动态及繁育系统进行了研究。结果表明：黄花角蒿种群花期一般为6~9月,单花花期一般为2~3 d,花雌雄异熟,雄蕊先熟,雌雄蕊异位。单花花期依其形态和散粉特征可分为散粉初期、散粉盛期、散粉末期、凋谢期4个时期。黄花角蒿花粉—胚珠比为331.3,杂交指数等于5,结合人工授粉和套袋实验结果可以确定该物种的繁育系统为异交,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者。套袋实验及实地观察显示黄花角蒿为虫媒传粉。     

突脉金丝桃的花器官发生及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜（SEM）观察了突脉金丝桃（Hypericum przewalskii）（金丝桃科）的花部器官发生发育过程。结果表明,突脉金丝桃2枚苞片原基首先发生,花原基在苞片原基的包裹中完成发育。在苞片原基发生后,5枚萼片原基沿2/5圆周依次发生。萼片原基发生近完成时,5枚雄蕊—花瓣共同原基在萼片原基之间的角隅处近同时发生,此后,雄蕊—花瓣共同原基下部向外伸展形成花瓣原基,上部向上凸起形成与花瓣原基相对的雄蕊原基,之后雄蕊原基由内向外依次分化发育产生次生雄蕊原基,随着次生雄蕊原基的发育和数目的增多,形成了5束雄蕊。次生雄蕊原基发生的同时,5枚心皮原基近同时发生。突脉金丝桃雄蕊束的发生方式表明,金丝桃属的雄蕊束可能起源于5基数的单轮雄蕊。金丝桃科与藤黄科植物花瓣及雄蕊原基发生方式的显著不同,支持了APG Ⅲ系统将金丝桃亚科从藤黄科中独立为金丝桃科的观点。     

Vigilance in Przewalski's gazelle: effects of sex, predation risk and group size

Vigilance in social animals is often aimed at detecting predators. Many social and environmental factors influence vigilance, including sex, predation risk and group size. During the summer of 2007, we studied Przewalski's gazelle Procapra przewalskii , an endemic ungulate to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, to test whether and how these three factors affect vigilance. We distinguished groups consisting of males, mothers with lambs and females without lambs making observations on groups in the presence or absence of nearby predators. We assessed the group-size effect on vigilance and how this varied with levels of predation risk and sex. Males and mothers scanned longer and with a higher frequency than females without lambs. Individuals were more vigilant under direct predation threat. Although vigilance generally decreased with group size, the extent of the decrease was independent of predation risk and was not significant in males. The results suggest that mothers are more vigilant suggesting greater vulnerability and that males may have increased their vigilance to compete for higher social ranks. The positive correlation between vigilance and predation risk and the negative correlation between vigilance and group size are consistent with earlier findings, but we failed to find an interaction between group size and predation risk on vigilance perhaps because vigilance levels are low even in small groups, thus making similar vigilant upward adjustments in both small and large groups.